Jan van Riebeeck’s Journal

This timeline presents key events from Jan van Riebeeck’s Journal at the Dutch Cape Colony.

Year	Events
1652	6 April: “The Commander went ashore to select the best and most suitable place for the construction of a fort. Upon landing at Table Bay with our three ships, Dromedaris, Reijger, and Goede Hoop, carrying some 90 souls, we surveyed the land under the great table-like mountain. The site chosen lies near the shore, where fresh water from the Liesbeek River can be had, and the ground seems firm for building. The purpose is to establish a refreshment station for VOC ships, providing sustenance and security for our men.” 7 April: “Work on the fort was commenced this morning, and the first sods were turned for the moat and the ramparts. Our men laboured with mud, clay, and timber to lay the foundations of Fort de Goede Hoop, designed to protect our settlement. This day also, we initiated trade with the native Hottentots, led by one Autshumato, whom we call Herry, exchanging beads and tobacco for their cattle and sheep, which they brought to the shore in small numbers.” 8 April: “This afternoon, at about 3 o’clock, a Hottentot came to the fort and was given some bread, tobacco and wine, which he appeared to like very much. This man, alone and curious, approached our works cautiously. We received him kindly, offering him provisions from our stores to build trust. His delight in the wine and tobacco suggests these goods may serve well in future barter, though we must learn more of their customs and numbers.” 10 April: “This afternoon some Hottentots came to the fort with some cattle and sheep, and were willing to barter them for copper and tobacco. A small group, perhaps five or six, drove their livestock to our encampment, showing eagerness to trade. We offered copper plates and tobacco, which they accepted, yielding us a few head of cattle and sheep. Their language is strange, but through signs, we made our intentions clear.” 14 April: “The Hottentots brought more cattle and sheep to the fort, and bartered them for copper and tobacco. Their numbers increased, with a dozen or more arriving at midday, driving a larger herd. The barter proceeded smoothly, though we note their cattle are lean from the season. We secured additional livestock to feed our men, paying with copper, which they prize highly, and tobacco, which they smoke with relish.” 25 April: “Today we planted the first seeds in the garden, including cabbage, turnips, and radishes. Along the Liesbeek River, we cleared ground for a garden to supply our garrison and VOC ships. The soil appears fertile, though rocky in parts. Our men sowed seeds brought from Holland, hoping for a bountiful harvest to sustain us through the coming months. This work is vital to reduce our reliance on ship provisions.” 30 April: “The fort is progressing well, with the moat and ramparts taking shape. The walls of Fort de Goede Hoop rise daily, with mud and timber forming a sturdy structure. The moat now encircles the fort, and ramparts are being raised to mount our cannons. Despite the labour, our men remain in good spirits, though the cold nights test their resolve. We aim to complete the main works before winter fully sets in.” 15 May: “A severe storm struck the settlement, damaging some of the temporary shelters and hindering work on the fort. Fierce winds and rain battered our encampment, tearing canvas tents and flooding parts of the worksite. Several shelters collapsed, forcing us to house men within the unfinished fort. The storm delayed our progress on the ramparts, but we salvaged what materials we could and resumed work as the weather cleared.” 20 June: “The garden is showing promise, with some seeds beginning to sprout, though the winter weather is harsh. The cabbage and radish seeds planted in April have taken root, with green shoots piercing the soil. Yet the cold and frequent rains slow their growth, and we fear for the harvest. We tend the garden daily, shielding the plants from the elements, as our survival depends on their yield.” 10 July: “The Hottentots continue to bring cattle and sheep for barter, but their numbers are fewer due to the cold season. A small party arrived with lean cattle, wary of the winter’s toll on their herds. We bartered copper and tobacco, securing fewer animals than in spring. Their reluctance grows, perhaps due to the scarcity of grass, and we must tread carefully to maintain this trade.” 5 August: “The winter has been most trying, with storms destroying part of our crops and causing the loss of several livestock. Relentless gales and rain have ruined much of our early plantings, and several cattle perished in the cold. The men suffer from want of fresh food, and we ration our stores tightly. This hardship tests our resolve, but we press on with fort construction.” 20 September: “Work on the fort resumes with better weather, and the garden yields its first small harvest of vegetables. As spring arrives, we repair storm damage to the fort, raising walls higher and strengthening the gate. The garden offers a modest crop of turnips and radishes, a welcome relief to our diet. We prepare to expand the garden, encouraged by this first success.” 15 October: “The Hottentots returned in greater numbers, bringing more cattle and sheep for trade. With the warmer season, a larger group arrived, driving healthy livestock to our fort. We bartered generously with copper and tobacco, securing a good number of cattle to replenish our stores. Their trust in us seems restored, though we remain vigilant for any unrest.” 30 November: “The fort’s structure is nearly complete, with walls strengthened and a gate installed. Fort de Goede Hoop now stands firm, its walls high and moat deep, with a stout gate to secure our position. The bastions are ready to mount cannons, and we have quarters for our men. This fort shall protect our settlement and serve as a beacon for VOC ships.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we laboured to establish gardens along the Liesbeek River, sowing wheat, barley, and vegetables to sustain the garrison and supply VOC ships. The work was ceaseless, as we cleared land, planted seeds, and tended crops amidst the trials of winter and the uncertainties of Hottentot trade, striving to build a lasting station for the Company.”
1653	10 January: “The fort, now named Fort de Goede Hoop, is fully completed, with ramparts and bastions in place to secure our position. This day marks the culmination of our labours begun last April, as the pentagonal structure stands firm with four bastions, named Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and Friesland, each fortified to guard against threats. The moat encircles the fort, and the walls, built of mud and timber, are now robust enough to house our men and stores, ensuring the safety of our settlement and its role as a refreshment station for VOC ships.” 15 February: “The Hottentots brought cattle to barter, but tensions arose as they demanded more copper for fewer animals. A group of Hottentots arrived at the fort with a small herd, their demeanor cautious. They sought higher quantities of copper and tobacco for their cattle, offering fewer beasts than in prior trades. This shift troubles us, as their trust seems to wane, and we suspect they resent our growing presence. We bartered sparingly, securing only a handful of cattle, and resolved to tread carefully to avoid open conflict.” 20 March: “Planted additional fruit trees, including apples and citrus, along the Liesbeek River to combat scurvy among the men. Our garden, expanded this day, now includes orchards to provide fresh fruit, vital for the health of our garrison and visiting sailors. The apple and citrus saplings, brought from Holland, were set in rows near the river, where the soil is moist. We hope these trees will yield in time, reducing our reliance on ship provisions and easing the ailments that plague our men.” 5 April: “A small party explored the interior, seeking better grazing lands for our cattle, but found the terrain challenging. Five men, armed and provisioned, ventured beyond the Liesbeek Valley, hoping to find pastures to relieve pressure on our overgrazed fields. The land proved rocky and sparse, with little grass to sustain our herds. The Hottentots’ own grazing grounds limited our path, and we returned weary, resolved to manage our cattle within closer bounds, wary of encroaching on native lands.” 15 June: “The garden produced a fair yield of cabbage and turnips, sufficient to supply the fort and passing ships. This harvest, gathered today, marks a success in our agricultural efforts, as the cabbages and turnips grown along the Liesbeek are hearty and plentiful. We distributed the produce to our men and stored some for VOC vessels, easing our dependence on external supplies. The garden’s bounty lifts our spirits, though we must expand further to meet all needs.” 10 August: “The Hottentots grew wary, suspecting our intentions as we expanded our fields; trade has become less frequent. A small band of Hottentots visited the fort, their numbers fewer than before, and their manner guarded. They brought only a few sheep, bartering reluctantly and eyeing our new fields with distrust. Our expansion along the Liesbeek encroaches on their grazing lands, and we fear their growing suspicion may lead to strife. We must balance our growth with careful diplomacy.” 25 September: “Strengthened the fort’s defenses with additional timber and earthworks, fearing unrest among the natives. This day, we reinforced Fort de Goede Hoop, adding timber to the walls and piling earth to bolster the ramparts. The Hottentots’ recent wariness prompts this caution, as we hear murmurs of their discontent. Our guns are kept ready, and the guard doubled at night, to ensure the fort remains secure against any sudden threat from the natives or other dangers.” Year-long: “Continued to expand agriculture, planting oats and other crops, though relations with the Hottentots remained strained due to unequal trade practices. Throughout the year, we laboured to enlarge our gardens and fields along the Liesbeek, sowing oats, wheat, and vegetables to sustain the settlement. Yet our trade with the Hottentots grew fraught, as they offered fewer cattle for our copper and tobacco, resenting our demands and expansion. This tension casts a shadow over our efforts, requiring constantvigilance.”
1654	20 January: “The scarcity of food grows dire, with our stores dwindling; the Hottentots offer little cattle for trade, pressing us to consider other means to feed the settlement. This day we took stock of our provisions, finding the grain and meat reserves perilously low after last year’s poor harvest. A small group of Hottentots came to the fort with but a few lean cattle, demanding more copper than we could spare. Their reluctance to trade freely, coupled with our hunger, leads us to discuss releasing some men as free farmers to till more land and ease this want.” 15 March: “Sent a party to explore the Liesbeek Valley for fertile land, hoping to expand our fields, but the soil is poor and the Hottentots’ grazing areas limit our claims. Six men ventured up the Liesbeek, seeking ground to plant more wheat and barley. The valley, though watered, proved rocky and thin, unfit for large fields. The Hottentots’ herds roamed nearby, and their presence warned us against claiming the land outright, lest we provoke them. We returned with little hope, resolved to make do with our current plots.” 10 April: “Began repairs on the fort’s ramparts, using timber and clay to bolster defenses, as last year’s storms exposed weaknesses. The walls of Fort de Goede Hoop, battered by winter gales, showed cracks and erosion. This day, our men laboured to reinforce the ramparts, hauling timber from the forest and mixing clay to mend the breaches. The work is urgent, as we fear the Hottentots’ growing mistrust could lead to unrest, and a strong fort is our surest safeguard.” 25 May: “The Hottentots brought sheep to barter, but their demands for copper rise, and mistrust grows as our cattle graze near their lands. A band of Hottentots arrived with a small flock, their eyes sharp and voices firm, asking for more copper than in past trades. We bartered cautiously, securing a few sheep to feed our men, but their suspicion of our grazing cattle near their pastures sows discord. We must watch them closely, as their mood turns wary.” 15 July: “Planted additional wheat in the garden, though yields remain low; we rationed supplies to avoid starvation among the men. The fields along the Liesbeek were sown with wheat today, in hope of a better harvest to relieve our hunger. Yet the soil yields poorly, and last year’s scarcity forces us to ration bread and meat tightly. Our men grumble, and we pray for a bountiful crop, lest we face true famine before the next ships arrive.” 30 August: “Improved the fort’s storehouses, adding space for grain, learning from last year’s losses to hunger. This day we expanded the storehouses within Fort de Goede Hoop, building new compartments with timber to hold more grain and provisions. Last year’s near starvation taught us the need for secure storage, and we work to ensure our meager harvests are preserved against spoilage and want, fortifying our resilience.” 20 October: “Tensions with the Hottentots increase, as our need for their cattle clashes with their grazing grounds, hinting at future conflict. A group of Hottentots came to the fort, their herd smaller and their manner cold, refusing to barter unless we offered more copper. Our cattle, grazing near their lands, spark their anger, and we hear whispers of their discontent. We strengthened the guard and kept our guns ready, fearing their unrest may soon turn to action.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we struggled against near starvation, pushing to expand agriculture and fortify the fort, while Hottentot trade grew strained over land disputes. Our fields along the Liesbeek were tilled with hope, yet yielded little, and our stores ran low. The Hottentots, once frequent traders, grew distant, their cattle scarcer and their demands higher, as our expansion pressed against their grazing lands, casting a shadow of conflict over our labours.”
1655	15 January: “The garden yields well, with cabbages and turnips sufficient for the fort’s needs, though the Hottentots’ visits for trade are less frequent. This day we gathered a plentiful harvest from the Liesbeek gardens, with cabbages and turnips grown sturdy despite the trials of past seasons. The produce sustains our garrison and offers surplus for VOC ships, easing our want. Yet the Hottentots, once regular in their barter, come seldom now, their mistrust deepened by our expanding fields, leaving us to rely more on our own provisions.” 20 February: “A small sloop, built from local timber, was launched today to aid in coastal trade and to fetch supplies from nearby bays. Our men completed a modest vessel, crafted from Cape wood, fit to navigate the coast. Launched this morning, it shall serve to gather fish, seals, and supplies from Dassen Island and Saldanha Bay, reducing our dependence on distant ships. The sloop’s maiden voyage promises to bolster our stores, a step toward self-sufficiency.” 10 April: “The Hottentots brought fewer cattle to barter, demanding higher prices in copper, which strains our relations further. A small party of Hottentots arrived at the fort with a meager herd, their demands for copper plates far exceeding past trades. We bartered cautiously, securing only a few cattle to feed our men, but their hardened stance and sparse offerings signal growing discord. Our need for their livestock clashes with their reluctance, testing our fragile peace.” 25 May: “Expanded the fields at Rondebosch, planting more wheat and barley, though the soil proves less fertile than hoped. This day we cleared new ground at Rondebosch, sowing wheat and barley to increase our harvest. The soil, however, is thin and rocky, yielding less than the Liesbeek plots. Our men laboured under the sun, hopeful yet wary, as last year’s scarcity lingers in memory. We pray for rain and richer earth to sustain the settlement.” 15 July: “A party explored the coast beyond Table Bay, seeking fish and seals, returning with modest provisions for the settlement. Five men sailed our new sloop northwards, probing the shores for resources. They returned with a small catch of fish and seal meat, enough to feed the fort for a time, but the seas yielded less than hoped. The journey proved the sloop’s worth, though we must venture further to secure abundant supplies.” 30 August: “Strengthened the fort’s storehouses with new timber, as last year’s scarcity taught us the need for better reserves. We added timber supports and expanded the storehouses within Fort de Goede Hoop today, ensuring space for grain and meat. The hunger of 1654 drives this work, as we strive to safeguard our provisions against spoilage and want. The fort now stands better equipped to weather lean times, a bulwark against famine.” 20 October: “The Hottentots grow wary of our expanding fields, and their trade dwindles, prompting us to guard our cattle closely. A handful of Hottentots visited the fort, bringing few sheep and eyeing our Rondebosch fields with suspicion. Their trade, once lively, now falters, as our expansion encroaches on their lands. We doubled the guard on our cattle, fearing theft or worse, as their discontent simmers, threatening the peace we have kept.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we laboured to improve our gardens and fields at Groenevelt and Rondebosch, though under the Company’s strict control, while tensions with the Hottentots persisted over land and trade. Our efforts bore fruit, with harvests easing last year’s hunger, but the soil’s limits and the Hottentots’ growing distrust hindered progress. The sloop’s launch aided our supply, yet the Company’s grip and native unrest cast shadows over our toil.”
1656	1–2 January: “Fine weether. Wind South-west. The settlement begins the year with calm operations at Fort de Goede Hoop, our men tending to routine tasks. The weather permits work on the gardens and maintenance of the fort’s defenses, as we prepare for the coming months. No Hottentots visited these days, and our focus remains on ensuring the fort’s readiness for passing VOC ships.” 3 January: “Rainy; strong breaze from N.W. Fire seen on Robben Island during the night; suppose that ships have been sighted or that the men have been molested. The Robbejacht ordered at once to proceed thither, but the weather being too stormy and her fore-sail blown to rags, she returned. The sudden blaze alarmed us, fearing trouble for our men stationed there or the arrival of unknown vessels. The storm’s fury prevented investigation, leaving us anxious until the weather clears.” 4 January: “Weather still too stormy to send a boat with oars to the island, and the wind too unfavourable for the Robbejacht to proceed. The gales continue, thwarting our efforts to reach Robben Island and ascertain the cause of the fire. We kept watch from the fort, but no signals came, and our men are restless, eager to ensure the safety of our outpost and its livestock.” 5 January: “Fine weather. West wind, at night somewhat southerly. Robbejacht leaves with 36 sheep, to be placed on the island, and if the fires meant nothing particular, to proceed to Dassen Island for skins, and carry the neoessary oommunications to the men there. With the storm abated, we dispatched the Robbejacht to deliver sheep to Robben Island, hoping to bolster its provisions. Instructions were given to investigate the fire’s cause and, if all is well, to sail on to Dassen Island for seal skins, vital for trade and supplies.” 6–8 January: “January 6th.-Fine weather; light breeze from N.W. January 7th.-Ditto. January 8th.-Ditto. Wet weather in the morning. These days passed quietly, with fair winds allowing our men to work in the gardens along the Liesbeek, tending to wheat and vegetables. The morning rain on the 8th slowed progress, but we resumed by noon. No Hottentots came to trade, and we await word from the Robbejacht’s mission to Robben Island.” 9 January: “(Sunday).-Dry. S.S.E. breeze. Being the Sabbath, we held prayers at the fort, with the men resting from their labours. The dry weather and gentle breeze offered a moment of calm, though our thoughts remain on the Robbejacht’s return and the state of our island outpost. No visitors or incidents disturbed the day’s peace.” 10 January: “Weather as yesterday. Herry arrived this morning at the fort with one of his wives, but loitered outside the bridge until he was unexpectedly confronted by the Commander, proceeding to the gardens. He was kindly asked where he had been so long, and replied that he had remained at a distance because the Commander had so much cattle, and there was not sufficient pasture, but when the grass grew again he would come with his all to the fort. He was shaking with fear all the time, and could hardly speak. Everything was done to give him oouruge. At noon he was fed from the Commander’s table and given some wine, whilst pleasant onversations were held with him to remove his fears. We felt however that he was suspecting us, caused by the hatred of the men of the garrison, in oonsequence of his treachery, and who threatened to kill him. He complained of this to the Commander, and said that if the latter left, he would not dare to come to the Fort. He was told not to mind the men, as he saw that the Commander liked him. This made him more at ease, though the Commander hardly dared to look up or speak to anyone, as he at once supposed that he spoke about him. It was therefore difficult to manage him with his restless conscience. Herry’s return after long absence stirred unease, his fear palpable. We offered hospitality to ease his mind, but the garrison’s hostility toward him, born of past betrayals, complicates our efforts to maintain trade.” 11 January: “Full moon. S.E. too strong to work at the kilns. The men sent to the mountains for fuel for the second kiln. The first kiln contained 40,000 bricks, well burnt, and which are to be used for making the Corps de Garde and other buildings on the other side, along the curtain; also to make the gate strong and fireproof. The heaviest work has been all completed, viz, oellars, stores and dwellings for the chief officers, likewise the battery, four feet thick all round; the rest will therefore be easy and soon done. Eolipee of the moon, total. The strong winds halted brick-making, but we gathered fuel to prepare for the next kiln. The completed bricks will strengthen our fort’s gate and buildings, a milestone in securing Fort de Goede Hoop. The lunar eclipse at night captivated our men, a rare sight in this distant land.” 12 January: “Fine weather. Harry took careful notes of the walls of the fort and the cattle kraals; he was allowed to do so, but carefully watched. At table he stated, on being asked what he thought of the works, that the Saldanhars could easily take the cattle from the kraal at night (every one having 12 sasegays) by cutting the cord with which the gate is fastened: but he did not know and was not told that at night the gate was closed with a good look. In the meantime the hunters were ordered to go to Herry’s camp and see how things were there. Whilst still at table 3 or 4 Hottentoos came to tell Herry to return home at onoe, as swarms of bees had come into his camp, greatly troubling the inmates and cattle, so that they would be obliged to move, \&o. Herry then left, taking all the fuel carriers, \&c., with him, so that not one Hottentoo remained with us. The story of the hees was false, the hunters having found at Herry’s camp only the stout Captain of the Caapmen with 2 wives and 150 cattle without even a herd; on their return many Hottentoos, walking briskly, had passed them about a musket shot distance, and going in the direction of Herry’s camp. As at present only Herry’s people and the Cuapmen are here, and our fuel carriers have left in the same manner as when the cattle were stolen, we carefully watched Herry, and therefore have sent out scouts to see what is going on, whilst the guns on the fort are loaded with grape, especially those near the kraal. The guards are also strengthened and the rounds are made oftener. Herry’s inspection of our defenses raised suspicions, and his sudden departure with a false tale of bees alarmed us. We bolstered the fort’s guard, fearing a repeat of past thefts.” 13–16 January: “January 13th.-S.S. East wind and cloudy sky. January 14th.-Westerly breeze, and elear sky. January 15th.-Dark sky, wind N.W. 16th, the same. These days brought shifting weather, with clouds and winds slowing our work. We tended the gardens and repaired tools, but no Hottentots returned after Herry’s departure. Our scouts found no immediate threat, yet we remain vigilant, keeping the fort’s defenses ready.” 17 January: “As above, dark sky and a dry west wind, destroying the pasturage so that nothing almost is left for the cattle to eat; some old cows are failing in consequence, and we are compelled to kill them for food; the milek oows are drying up; every year it becomes plainer that during the dry season very little can be obtained from them. From June to October they yield milk fairly. The horses also feel it much, but are daily fed on barley; as they are working heavily at the kilns and the carrying of sand and salt, they are getting very thin. Herry has gone to the Hout Bay with his oattle; his and our cattle are together too much for the pasture. We dare not send ours too far away lest they be stolen by the number of Hottentoos about. To set an example, Gerrit C. Stensz: of Zwolle, marine, and Severyn Abrahamaz: of the Hague, soldier, have to-day been eoniemned to serve ½ a year in chains for stealing in the gardens, and are also to receive 50 lashes each with the forfeiture of a month’s wages. The drought threatens our livestock, forcing us to slaughter weakened cows, while Herry’s presence in Hout Bay complicates grazing. The punishment of two thieves aims to deter further crimes amidst our scarcity.” 18–20 January: “January 18th.-S.S.E. wind and slight showers; the latter blown off by the former. January 19th.-Strong S.E. wind and drought. January 20th.-Fine weather, western breeze. The weather varied, with brief showers offering little relief to our parched fields. We continued garden work, but the drought persists, taxing our crops and cattle. No Hottentots appeared, and we focused on fort maintenance, awaiting the Robbejacht’s return.” 21 January: “Died Marten Jansz: of Enckhuysen, sailor of the A cond Star, left behind here sick. The loss of this sailor, weakened by illness since arriving, grieves us. His death reminds us of the hardships faced in this remote station, where disease and want take their toll. We buried him with due respect, and our men carry on, though morale is tested.” 22–23 January: “January 22nd.-Wind and weather as above. 23rd, ditto. Fine weather held, allowing our men to labour in the gardens and on fort repairs. No incidents occurred, and we awaited news from Robben Island. The calm days offered a chance to strengthen our stores, though the Hottentots’ absence keeps us wary.” 24–25 January: “Ditto. The boat returned from Robben Island, stating that everything was progressing there favourably. A larger boat sent back with provisions and orders to bring back Marten Cornelisz, who is dilatory in his work there; also not to voyage any more in the small boat, which is only to be used for fishing. The Robbejacht’s return brought relief, confirming the island’s safety and the fire’s insignificance. We dispatched a larger vessel with supplies, ordering the removal of an idle worker, to ensure the outpost’s efficiency.” 26 January: “New moon. Heavy wind; S.S.E.: drought continues; pasture getting worse; cattle finding nothing almost to eat and growing very thin. Arrival of a galiot in the morning; beosuse of the heavy wind it anchored on the other side of the bay. The drought worsens, thinning our cattle, while a galiot’s arrival sparks hope of news or aid. Its anchoring across the bay, due to the wind, delays our contact, but we prepare to receive its crew.” 27 January: “Fine warm weather; galiot arrives, and proves to be the Nachtglas from Tristan da Cunha. Officers report that the coast was very rough and landing difficult; and because of the misty sky they had never been able properly to take their bearings. Ceaseless hurricanes, heavy sons, and frightful depths to within a stone’s throw off the shore, where there was no sand, but only stone and rock, and not more than 4 or 5 fathoms broad, bare and bleak and for the rest stony mountains, impossible to climb; everywhere else the same, as the mountains overhang the soa; no grass or anything green except some thin reeds; these were the results of their investigations. Fish, however, could be had there in abundance, also water, but with great danger. There was no suitable roadstead. for in consequence of the steep ground and the little wind, which blows there daily very strongly, the anchors could not hold, and no shelter could be found anywhere. The Company, therefore, can do nothing there, and no more vessels should be ventured thither; all these matters are fully contained in the journals of the skipper and mates, and also the charts, of which we are making copies to send home. Four men arrive during the afternoon, among them 2 Englishmen, sent by Woutersz: in a small boat from Dassen Island, and belonging to an English smack named the Arosia or Star, and commanded by Capt. Edward Stanjan, very ill and lame in hands and feet; 13 men on board, and mounting 4 small iron pieces of one and two-pounders. Had on board Spanish money, cloth and lead to carry to Bantam or Coromandel. Had left London 20th March last year. He would have been glad to come here, but was kept back by calms and S. Easters. The Nachtglas’s report dashes hopes of a Tristan settlement, while the Englishmen’s arrival brings news and a chance for trade.” 28–31 January: “January 28th.-Fine warm weather. January 29th.-Fine warm sunshine. 30th (Sunday).-Ditto. January 31st.-Ditto, at night strong S.E., carrying the Nachtglas and Penguin towards Saldanha Bay, with letters and provisions for the men there—1 firkin arrack, 1 snker brandy, 1 cask meat, 3 casks bread (each of 630 lbs.), 2 casks rice (1080 lbs.), 1 anker vinegar, 1 cow, 3 bags cabbage, 2 bags carrots, some cucumbers, radishes, turnips, \&o. Warm days allowed us to tend the gardens, while we dispatched the Nachtglas and Penguin with ample supplies to support our men at Saldanha Bay, ensuring their strength for seal hunting.” 1–3 February: “February 1st.-Fine weather. February 2nd.-In the morning dark sky and N.W. breeze with rain. Arrival of the English vessel with the lame captain; the mate dead, and still having 13 men on board; allowed water and vegetables. February 3rd.-Dry, calm weather. The Arosia’s arrival, with its ailing captain, prompted us to offer aid, providing fresh water and garden produce to ease their plight, fostering goodwill with these English visitors.” 4 February: “Dry, calm weather. Riebeeck proceeds to False Bay (the roads being favourable), accompanied by a guard of soldiers, to see whether the canal proposed by V. Goens could be made across the isthmus; took the river course to see whether it at all approached False Bay. Found that the Sweet River (now Liesbeeck), which with the Salt River runs into Table Bay, runs anakelike 3 or 4 leagues crosswise over the isthmus, and at some places appears to be stagnant, forming small lakes, between which low and sandy lands lie, until within a league of certain high and hills of False Bay, where it again turns into small streams, which gradually become broader and form a river of fresh water running further on into a large lake almost as broad as the Meuse and about 2 hours on foot in circumference, with deep and brackish water full of sea-cows and sea-horses, and supplied from the downs of False Cape. There was apparently no opening, but the water percolated through the sands. The lake is still about 1½ hours on foot from the seashore, which is about ½ an hour’s walk broad; the downs about a league, and so high that they are almost mountains, 20 or 24 behind one another. It would, therefore, be impossible to cut them through. Besides there would be lakelets in the flats, some ½ others ⅓ league broad, to be cut through, in order to let one run into the other. This would also be difficult, because of the stony ground, as we found the next day, after having spent the night in the veld. The matter is, therefore, impossible, and would be useless and most injurious to the Company, as the canal could not be made so wide and deep as to prevent the natives from swimming across with their cattle. The exploration revealed the canal’s impracticality, saving the Company a costly endeavor, though the journey was arduous.” 5 February: “Fine dry weather. Commander returned home in the evening; kept from sleep the preceding night by the numbers of sea-cows, lions, tigers and other wild animals, which continued their noises near the tents, as generally also happens around the walls of the fortress. The return from False Bay was wearying, with the night’s cacophony of beasts reminding us of the wildness of this land, ever-present even at our fort’s walls.” 6 February: “Same weather. English Captain visits the Commander, apologising for declining the latter’s invitation to dinner in consequence of his lameness, the food having to be brought to his mouth; is very grateful for the kindness shown him, especially for the permission to lodge in the barber’s dwelling. Captain Stanjan’s visit strengthened our ties, his gratitude for our aid heartening amidst his crew’s hardships.” 7 February: “Fine weather, but not good for the cattle, as it makes the pasture dry and the animals lean. The brick kiln, with 250,000 bricks, set on fire. During the night heavy S.E. wind. The drought persists, weakening our cattle, while the kiln’s firing promises stronger fort buildings. The night wind tested our structures, but all held firm.” 8 February: “Fine, S.S.E., and calm weather, during the day the wind became very strong and lasted until midnight. The strong winds resumed, challenging our work but not halting it, as we prepared the new bricks for use and tended to the gardens under the sun’s warmth.” 9 February: “Fine sunshine. The English captain daily visits the Commander for a chat; told the latter that in August, 1644, he had been at Mozambique on board of the English ship John, whence they had to take the Governor, whose time had expired, to Goa. The Captain of the John having arrived at one of the Mayotta Islands had left on shore the speaker (Captain Tangan), who was then of lower rank, and others of the king’s party, running away with all the possessions of the Governor. Upon this the Queen had the Governor and his family transferred in a canoe to Mozambique, whence they were afterwards removed by an English ship. During all that time passed at Mozambique, and also from the Governor and other Portuguese, he had heard that all their supplies of rice, beans, peas, wax, honey, \&c., were obtained at Madagascar from the North-west coast, between 12 and 15°, with small vessels of 10 to 20 lasts, carrying only one or two pedereros or 7 or 8 muskets, and commanded by 1 or 2 native Portuguese, the rest of the crew being about 8 or 10 half castes with better courage. These vessels obtain there also much amber for gold, cloth, copper, tin, iron, beads, \&c., also cattle and sheep, as at the Cape, for refreshing the Portuguese ships trading with Mozambique, and which besides St. Helena have now no other refreshment station, and must call at Mozambique just as the Company’s ships do at the Cape. He believed that with one handy yacht and one small galiot with 3 masts, like his own, and somewhat like the Tulp, that traffic might be taken from the Portuguese, and those of Mozambique be reduced to great straits, as they have many mouths to feed and must get their supplies from Madagascar. Captain Tangan’s intelligence offers a strategic opportunity for the VOC, though his crew’s troubles weigh on our talks.” 10–12 February: “February 10th, 11th, and 12th.-The same. Fine weather continued, with our men working steadily on the gardens and fort. The English captain’s visits persisted, though no new developments arose, allowing us to focus on our tasks.” 13 February: “Heavy S.E. and drought. The return of strong winds and dry conditions further strained our cattle and crops, forcing us to ration feed and water carefully, as we awaited relief from our coastal efforts.” 14–19 February: “Fine weather. Wind west, weather sometimes cloudy. The English captain having somewhat recovered wished to leave, but his sister’s son and his cabin boy, who had daily to feed him, having run away, his mate having died, and with nobody on board able to navigate (for he always had the altitude taken by his sister’s son) he could not leave without that boy, and requested us to help him to get him back. We sent some Hottentoos to search for them, promising them tobacco, arrack and food, and within a few hours the runaway was brought back, but the cabin boy could not be found, and we promised him to send the youngster on to England when caught. The Arosia’s troubles delayed its departure, and our aid to recover the runaway strengthened our bond with the English, though the cabin boy’s absence remains a concern.” 20 February: “(Sunday).-Heavy N.W. wind. English Captain very ill again—his cabin boy not yet found. Between 2 and 3 o’clock this morning the youngest child of the Commander died, so that the twins are now both with the Lord. The captain’s relapse and my personal loss cast a heavy pall over the Sabbath, with prayers offered for both.” 21 February: “West wind. Arrival of the Nachtglas with 400 skins—left Saldanha Bay on the 17th, where it had been thoroughly overhauled and repaired; brought the following letter from Woutersz: ‘The Nachtglas and Penguin arrived on the 1st, left at once for Saldanha Bay—will return to Dassen Island or St. Helena Bay when no more seals can be obtained here; can still continue killing here for another month, and hope to obtain about 3000: will write again per Robbejacht. Received the provisions, \&c., in good order—but only ½ cask of meat and ½ anker brandy, in presence of skipper Jan Jacobsz. On the 8th a French vessel, the St. George, arrived here, which had left Madagascar 28 days ago; the Captain had been killed by the natives because of the stealing and murdering committed by the crew; said ship had met our galiot at the island St. Maria, and the Frenchman told us that our people had already obtained a quantity of rice and 14 slaves, among them 4 women; also that two cannons had burst on board the Tulp, but the particulars you will gather from the lad, who came to me with his own free will from the Frenchman. His name is Boudewyn van den Abele, of Bruges, and before this he had left an English ship to go on board the Frenchman. We also send you in addition to the skins sent overland the hides of two sea lions and 1½ firkins of oil; with the Robbejacht we will send more.’—Saldanha Bay, 16 Febr., 1656. The Nachtglas’s success and the French deserter’s tale enrich our knowledge, lifting spirits after recent sorrows.” Year-long: “Ongoing fort maintenance, agriculture, and trade. Interactions with Hottentoos, including Herry and Eva. Freemen’s agricultural efforts and disputes with Company over pricing and trade restrictions. Throughout the year, we toiled to maintain Fort de Goede Hoop, planting gardens and trading with Hottentots, while freemen’s farming efforts grew, though hindered by Company rules and native tensions.”
1657	21 February: “This day the VOC granted ‘vrybrieve’ to nine of our men, making them the first Vryburgers, free to farm 13.3-morgen plots in Rondebosch, to bolster our food supply. The decision, long debated, releases these men from Company service, granting them land to till as free farmers under strict conditions. Each received a plot along the Liesbeek, fertile but rocky, with orders to sow wheat and vegetables for the fort and VOC ships. This marks a shift, as we hope their efforts will ease our scarcity, though they remain bound by Company prices and trade rules, which already stir murmurs of discontent among them.” 15 March: “The Vryburgers began tilling their lands, sowing wheat and vegetables, though they chafe under the Company’s strict price controls. This day, the Vryburgers set to work on their Rondebosch plots, turning the soil with oxen and planting seeds brought from Holland. Their labour shows promise, with furrows neatly laid, but they grumble at the low prices fixed by the Company for their produce. The fort’s oversight looms large, and we sense their frustration, as they seek greater freedom in trade, a matter we must watch closely.” 20 April: “The Hottentots brought cattle for barter, but their terms grow harsher, demanding more copper and tobacco, straining our trade. A group of Hottentots arrived at Fort de Goede Hoop with a modest herd, their demands for copper plates and tobacco far exceeding past exchanges. We bartered cautiously, securing a few cattle to feed our men, but their hardened stance reflects growing mistrust. The Vryburgers’ fields, encroaching on Hottentot grazing lands, likely fuel this tension, and we fear further discord may arise.” 10 June: “Inspected the Vryburgers’ fields, finding some progress, though many complain of poor soil and the Company’s tight grip on trade. The Commander visited Rondebosch today, observing the Vryburgers’ plots, where wheat and barley sprout unevenly in the thin soil. Some farmers, like Steven Jansen, show diligence, but others protest the rocky ground and the Company’s fixed prices, which barely cover their toil. Their discontent grows, and we must balance their needs with the Company’s demands to prevent unrest.” 25 July: “A small dispute arose with the Hottentots over grazing lands near Rondebosch, as Vryburgers’ cattle encroach on their pastures. This day, a band of Hottentots confronted our Vryburgers, angered by their cattle grazing near Rondebosch, where Hottentot herds roam. Words were exchanged, and though no violence ensued, the encounter left both sides wary. We mediated, urging the Vryburgers to confine their herds, but the Hottentots’ distrust deepens, threatening our fragile trade relations.” 30 September: “The Vryburgers’ first harvest yielded modestly, but they protest the low prices set by the Company, sowing seeds of discontent. The Vryburgers gathered their first crop today, a modest yield of wheat and vegetables from Rondebosch. The harvest, though small, aids our stores, but the farmers rail against the Company’s price of ƒ4 per muid, far below their hoped-for ƒ10. Their grievances, voiced loudly, hint at rebellion, and we must tread carefully to maintain order while addressing their concerns.” 15 November: “Strengthened the fort’s outer defenses with additional earthworks, as Hottentot unrest lingers and Vryburger complaints grow. This day, we piled earth and timber to bolster Fort de Goede Hoop’s ramparts, fearing unrest from both Hottentots and Vryburgers. The Hottentots’ recent disputes and the Vryburgers’ mounting frustration over prices prompt this caution. Our guns are kept loaded, and the guard increased, to ensure the fort remains secure against any threat, native or settler.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, the Vryburgers laboured to establish their farms, focusing on wheat and vegetables, while unequal trade with the Hottentots and Company restrictions fueled tensions. The granting of free status to nine men marked a new chapter, yet their efforts were hampered by poor soil, Company oversight, and Hottentot mistrust. We expanded agriculture and fortified the fort, but the strain of balancing settler ambitions with native relations tested our resolve, casting a shadow over our progress.”
1658	28 March: “This day, the first slaves arrived on the Amersfoort, captured from a Portuguese ship en route from Angola to Brazil, marking the beginning of slavery at the Cape. The vessel, seized by our forces, brought a cargo of enslaved men, women, and children, numbering some dozens, to bolster our labour force. These souls, torn from their homeland, were set to work in the gardens and fort, their presence a somber necessity to sustain our growing settlement. We provided them basic provisions and shelter, though their plight weighs heavily, and we note the Company’s directive to employ such labour for the colony’s survival.” Year-long: “A Dutch settler marries a freed Indian slave girl, the first recorded mixed marriage in the settlement, signaling a shift in our social fabric. This union, solemnized under Company oversight, joins a Vryburger with a woman released from bondage, likely from the Amersfoort’s cargo. Their marriage, though rare, reflects the blending of cultures in our small community, where necessity and proximity forge new bonds. We observe this with cautious approval, mindful of its implications for the colony’s future.” Year-long: “A school opens for slaves from the Amersfoort, later serving indigenous and Vryburger children, teaching Dutch and Christianity. Established to instruct the newly arrived slaves, this school, housed near the fort, offers lessons in our language and faith, aiming to integrate them into the settlement’s order. By year’s end, Hottentot and Vryburger children joined, learning to read and pray, a step toward unifying our diverse peoples under Christian principles, though the task is fraught with challenges.” 16–18 December: “December 16th.-Ditto. The boat prooeds to Robben Island with the timber for the sheds, and a letter:-‘We do not know whether any good stone exists on the island as supports for the stands, and will send you some if required. We send you some heavy wood for beacon fires to guide the ships; and to serve instead of pitoh rings, whioh are costly and not so good. A load of fuel only costs ƒ3 if brought to the fort. With the last portion of timber Riebeeck will oome over himself, to select the site for the krsal and shed. Should you get sarviceable stone we can send you fuel for ballast. You are to remain on the island until Riebeeck’s arrival. Elias Giers is to return with the boat. Let us know whether the island produces grass for geese.’ 16th Decomber, 1658.-Signed by Riebeeck and de Man. December 17th.-Fine sunshine. The boat returns. December 18th.-Boat again leaves with timber for the Island. Riebeeck goes with her, and arrives at 1 o’elock. He fixes the sites for the stables, and on another spot for a battery for the cannon to prevent any boats from landing in the sand bay. The present site has been indifferently selected. Astonished that the 489 sheep were thriving so well, there being no grass on the island, only a few bushes. It being the dry season the whole island is like a sand desert. In winter it yields grass, wild sorrel and apinage. The rabbits were increasing and tame, but no rock rabbits were found. The journey to Robben Island ensured its outpost’s readiness, with the Commander’s inspection revealing the sheep’s surprising resilience, guiding our plans for its use.” 19 December: “Riebeeck returns; 4 sheep bought from the Caspmen. The Commander returned from Robben Island, satisfied with the progress, and this day we bartered with a group of Caapmen Hottentots, securing four sheep for copper and tobacco. Their visit, though brief, offered a chance to maintain trade, but their numbers were small, and we note their caution, likely due to our growing presence and the Vryburgers’ expansion.” 20 December: “December 20th.-Fine sunshine; Riebeeck visits all the corn lands; one man was reaping, another sowing, another gathering into garners. The boat takes fuel and timber to the Island. The inspection of the Vryburgers’ corn lands revealed diligent work, with fields in various stages of harvest and planting, a hopeful sign for our food supply. The boat’s journey to Robben Island continued our efforts to supply the outpost, ensuring its self-sufficiency.” 21–22 December: “December 21st.-Dry S.E. weather. 22nd, do. Arrival in the afternoon of the burgher oouncillors Steven Jansen of Wageningen and H. Boom of the Overtoom with the following petition :- Seditious request of the freemen, and what was replied. They commence with using the word respect, but end with that of force. The burgher oouncillors and undersigned freemen, no one exoepted, respectfully shew to Commander Riebeeck and his Council, and acoording to our agreement request. The Vryburgers’ petition, bold and near rebellious, demands higher prices for their grain and freer trade, challenging the Company’s authority. Their arrival at the fort sparked heated debate, as we weigh their grievances against our duty to the VOC.” 23 December: “December 23rd.-Ditto. Riebeeck addressed the freemen’s petition, warned against rebellion, and promised to advocate for better prices. The Commander met the Vryburgers, reading their demands thrice in the Council room, rebuking their seditious tone. He cautioned them against defying the Company, which has supported them through hardship, but pledged to seek higher prices from the Directors. The freemen, chastened, promised to continue their work, restoring a fragile peace, though their discontent lingers.” 24–26 December: “December 24th.-New moon. Heavy S.E. December 25th.-Christmas. Hot, dry weather. December 26th.-N. breeze. The boat returns from Robben Island, having in the S.E. lost both its lee-boards. Christmas was observed with prayers, though the heat and wind tested our spirits. The boat’s mishap, losing its lee-boards, delayed our island supply efforts, requiring repairs before further voyages.” 27 December: “December 27th.-Hot as yeaterday. The boat laden with fuel and timber, 5 geese and 1 muid oats for the island, to be sown there for the geese, which greatly injure the gardens here, and can with difficulty be protected from the wild animal4. A letter to Overhagen informs him of what is sent, and he is advised to take good care of the geese, and would receive a hollow tree to serve as a trough; and some ducks would also be sent. The boat leaves in the evening. To-day the freemen and their arms, cattle, do, were inspected. The dispatch of geese and oats to Robben Island aims to protect our mainland gardens, while the inspection of the Vryburgers’ arms and cattle ensures their readiness and loyalty amidst recent tensions.” 29 December: “December 29th.-Warm, and S.E. wind. Death of Jaoob Teuniss: of Oooltjensplaat, mate of Simon in ‘t Veld; only left behind him his share of the debt, viz: ƒ2271611 which others are prepared to take over; the Company will not lose anything. The death of Teuniss, a Vryburger’s mate, leaves debts but no loss to the Company, a small relief amidst our challenges. His passing underscores the fragility of our small community, where every loss is felt.” 30 December: “December 30th.-Same weather. Bought 23 sheep from the Cochouquas, who report that Oedasos had been severely bitten by a lion, and Eva would soon pay us a visit. The barter with the Cochouquas, a Hottentot clan, yielded a good number of sheep, strengthening our stores. Their news of Oedasoa’s injury, relayed with concern, and Eva’s impending visit, suggest shifting dynamics among the natives, which we must navigate carefully.” 31 December: “December 31st.-Fine, N. wind. The boat again deapatched to Robben Island with a cargo and a letter to Overhagen, stating that the trough had been sent, and the rest of the spars, \&o.; also 2 carpenters to make the stables, and 2 months’ provisions. Herry is to help carrying the fuel to the fire mount. Two wedges and a aledge hammer also sent to cleave the wood. Arrival of Eva with the Cochouquas and 21 sheep; states that Oedasos had been bitten in the arm and is in grest danger. He could not eat; a bad sign; was very favourably disposed towards us, and better than Ngonomos. Had got the wound when out with a lot of the men to catch wild horses at Eva’s request, and also to shoot elephants. The brute rushed straight on Oedasos, throwing down all before him and biting Oedasos in the arm. The men all fell upon him, some caught him by the ears, others by the mane, tail, and lags, whilst some forcibly broke open his mouth with their hands and drew the brute’s teeth out of the arm of their chief; further killing him with asegays. This misfortune destroyed their inclination to catch horses and elephants. Oedasos would have liked to see Riebeeck again before his death, but the distanoe, drought and want of water, made travelling difficult and dangerous from the presence of lions. Therefore Eva decided to remain here some time, to learn more of our religion, at the request of Oedasos, his wife, and many of the tribe, who felt in their hearts that what she had told them was true. She had been teaching a lot of children, teaching them to pray before and after dinner, and when they went to sleep and woke in the morning. Formerly some used to laugh when she spoke about religion, but Oedasos had succeeded so far, that every one had to listen with devotion, and no one dared to laugh any longer. With him some commenoed to understand that it was God about whom she spoke. The chief and his wife wished her to be further instructed in the Commander’s house. Oedason and his wife intended to visit Mr. and Mrs. Riebeeck (should Oedasos get well again) as brother and sister, and bring some little children with them to be left in Mrs. Riebeeck’s oare for instruction. Already nine men who came with Eva had at their request been allowed to attend evening prayers and pass the night in the fort, because they did not like to sleep with the Caspmen or eat with them, whilst Doman hardly dared to say a single word to them. Eva’s arrival with the Cochouquas, her tale of Oedasoa’s bravery, and their openness to our faith offer a rare chance for alliance, amidst the year’s trials.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we laboured to sustain Fort de Goede Hoop, integrating slaves into our workforce, fostering Vryburger agriculture, and navigating Hottentot relations. The arrival of slaves and the school’s opening marked new burdens and hopes, while the Vryburgers’ petition and Hottentot tensions tested our governance. Eva’s influence and the Cochouquas’ openness to Christianity offered a glimmer of unity, though the Company’s demands and settler unrest kept our path fraught.”
1659	15 February: “This day, tensions with the Hottentots, led by Doman, escalated into open conflict, marking the start of the First Hottentot-Dutch War. Doman, once an interpreter for the Company, rallied his people against our settlement, angered by the Vryburgers’ expansion onto their grazing lands. They attacked outlying farms, driving off cattle and burning crops, forcing us to fortify Fort de Goede Hoop and dispatch armed parties to protect the Vryburgers. The skirmishes, though small, disrupt our trade and sow fear, as we strive to maintain order while seeking to parley with Doman’s clan.” 20 April: “The Vryburgers’ fields at Rondebosch suffered raids by Doman’s men, who stole cattle and damaged wheat crops. We sent a company of soldiers to guard the farms, engaging in a brief clash that left two Hottentots wounded and our men unscathed. The fort’s defenses were strengthened with additional earthworks, and we posted sentries along the Liesbeek to deter further attacks. The Vryburgers, shaken, demand more protection, while we urge them to fortify their homes, as the war’s shadow grows.” 10 June: “A parley was attempted with Doman, but he refused terms, insisting we abandon the Rondebosch lands. At a meeting near the fort, Doman, flanked by his warriors, spoke bitterly of our encroachment, rejecting our offers of copper and tobacco for peace. We resolved to maintain our position, reinforcing the fort with cannons and doubling the guard. The Hottentots’ raids continue, though sporadic, and we prepare for a prolonged conflict, praying for a resolution to spare further bloodshed.” 25 August: “The war persists, with Doman’s men harassing our cattle posts, stealing several head and wounding a Vryburger. We launched a counter-raid, recovering some livestock and capturing two Hottentots, whom we hold at the fort to press for negotiations. The Vryburgers, weary of losses, grow restless, and we issued arms to bolster their defense. The fort’s gardens remain secure, but the Liesbeek fields suffer, and we ration stores to endure the disruption.” 30 October: “A fragile truce emerged as Doman, weakened by losses, sent envoys to discuss peace. At the fort, we met with his representatives, offering to return the captives and limit Vryburger expansion in exchange for an end to raids. The talks, tense but civil, yielded a tentative agreement, though mistrust lingers. We released the prisoners as a gesture, and Doman’s men ceased attacks, allowing us to repair damaged fields and resume cautious trade.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, the First Hottentot-Dutch War dominated our efforts, as Doman’s raids tested our settlement’s resilience. The Vryburgers’ expansion sparked the conflict, leading to cattle thefts, crop destruction, and skirmishes that strained our resources. We fortified Fort de Goede Hoop, armed the settlers, and sought peace through parleys, achieving a shaky truce by year’s end. Amidst the strife, we maintained the gardens and supported the slaves and school, striving to uphold the Company’s mission despite the turmoil.”
1660	15 January: “This day, we strengthened our relations with the Cochoqua Hottentots, led by Oedasoa, through trade and diplomacy, seeking to prevent further conflict after last year’s war. A delegation of Cochoqua arrived at Fort de Goede Hoop, bringing 30 sheep and several cattle for barter. We offered copper, tobacco, and beads, securing a favorable exchange. Eva, our interpreter, facilitated talks, conveying Oedasoa’s desire for peace. We gifted him a small quantity of brandy, which he received warmly, and agreed to limit Vryburger grazing near their lands to maintain goodwill.” 20 March: “The Vryburgers expanded their farms further along the Liesbeek, planting wheat and vines, though tensions with the Hottentots persist. This morning, we inspected new plots at Rondebosch, where the Vryburgers have cleared additional land for crops and grapevines, hoping to produce wine for the settlement and VOC ships. The Hottentots, particularly the Caapmen, expressed unease at the encroachment, and a small dispute over cattle grazing required mediation. We stationed soldiers to guard the fields, wary of renewed raids.” 10 May: “A French ship, the Maréchal, anchored in Table Bay, seeking provisions after a storm-battered voyage. Its captain, gravely ill, requested water, vegetables, and meat, which we supplied from our gardens and stores, bartering for cloth and wine. The crew, numbering 60, repaired their vessel while we hosted their officers at the fort, sharing intelligence of European affairs. The visit, though brief, bolstered our stores and reminded us of our role as a refreshment station for all nations.” 25 July: “We began constructing a wooden jetty at Table Bay to ease the landing of supplies, prompted by the Maréchal’s difficulties. This day, our men felled timber from the forests near Table Mountain and drove piles into the shore, laying the foundation for a jetty to aid ships anchoring in the bay. The work, arduous under winter rains, aims to secure our trade and provisioning, reducing losses from rough seas. The Vryburgers assisted, though some grumbled at the labour, preferring their farms.” 30 September: “The garden at the fort yielded a bountiful harvest of cabbages, carrots, and citrus, sustaining the settlement and ships. We gathered a rich crop today, with the citrus trees planted in 1653 now bearing fruit, a boon against scurvy. The produce was distributed to the garrison, Vryburgers, and a passing VOC ship, the Prins Willem, which took on supplies for Batavia. The success of the garden lifts our spirits, though we must expand to meet growing demand.” 15 November: “A minor clash with the Caapmen Hottentots occurred near Rondebosch, as they protested Vryburger cattle grazing on their lands. A group of Caapmen drove off a dozen Vryburger cattle, prompting a skirmish with our soldiers, who recovered the herd but wounded one Hottentot. We met with their leaders at the fort, offering tobacco and assurances to limit grazing, narrowly averting further conflict. The incident underscores the fragile peace, as Vryburger expansion continues to provoke.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we laboured to stabilize the Cape settlement after the First Hottentot-Dutch War, focusing on trade with the Cochoqua, agricultural expansion, and fortifying our position. The Vryburgers’ growth, with new fields and vines, drove progress but strained relations with the Hottentots, leading to minor clashes. The jetty’s construction and garden’s bounty strengthened our role as a refreshment station, while visits from ships like the Maréchal enriched our ties. Yet, the delicate balance with natives and settlers tested our governance, under the Company’s watchful eye.”
1661	20 January: “This day, we expanded the Liesbeek River gardens, planting more wheat and vines to supply the growing settlement and VOC ships. Our men cleared additional land near Fort de Goede Hoop, turning the soil to sow wheat for bread and grapevines for future wine production. The effort, spurred by last year’s bountiful harvest, aims to ensure self-sufficiency, though the rocky terrain challenges our progress. The Vryburgers, now numbering over a dozen, assisted, but their complaints about Company price controls persist, requiring careful oversight to maintain harmony.” 15 March: “A delegation of Cochoqua Hottentots, led by Eva’s kin, visited the fort to renew trade, bringing 40 sheep and 10 cattle for barter. We welcomed them with tobacco and copper, securing a favorable exchange to replenish our meat stores. Eva, ever our bridge to the Hottentots, translated their assurances of peace, though they cautioned against Vryburger cattle straying onto their grazing lands. The meeting strengthened our alliance, but we stationed guards along the Liesbeek to prevent disputes, mindful of past tensions.” 10 May: “The wooden jetty at Table Bay, begun last year, was completed, easing the landing of supplies from VOC ships. This morning, we tested the jetty with the arrival of the Malacca, which unloaded provisions without loss to the rough seas. Our men reinforced the structure with additional piles, ensuring its durability. The jetty’s success, celebrated with a small feast at the fort, enhances our role as a refreshment station, though the Vryburgers grumble at the labour diverted from their farms.” 25 July: “A storm struck Table Bay, damaging the jetty and flooding parts of the Liesbeek gardens, testing our resilience. Fierce winds tore planks from the jetty, and heavy rains washed away newly planted wheat, forcing us to salvage what we could. Our men worked through the night to repair the jetty, while others drained the fields. The setback, though severe, rallied the settlement, and we resolved to rebuild stronger, learning from the storm’s lessons to protect our crops and trade.” 30 September: “The Vryburgers harvested their largest crop yet, with wheat and barley sufficient to fill the fort’s stores and supply passing ships. This day, we gathered the Rondebosch yield, a testament to the Vryburgers’ toil despite poor soil and last year’s raids. The harvest, though marred by the storm’s damage, bolsters our food security. Yet, the Vryburgers renewed their demands for higher prices, prompting a tense meeting at the fort, where we promised to petition the Company for relief.” 15 November: “A Portuguese ship, the São João, anchored in Table Bay, seeking aid after a pirate attack off Madagascar. Its crew, reduced to 45 men, requested water, meat, and timber for repairs, which we provided from our stores and forests. In exchange, they offered spices and silver, enriching our trade. The captain dined at the fort, sharing tales of the Indian Ocean, while we repaired their vessel, reinforcing our reputation as a vital haven for all nations.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we fortified the Cape settlement’s foundations, expanding agriculture, completing the jetty, and deepening trade with the Cochoqua Hottentots. The Vryburgers’ robust harvest and the gardens’ growth strengthened our self-sufficiency, though storms and their price disputes challenged progress. Visits from ships like the São João enhanced our role as a refreshment station, while careful diplomacy with the Hottentots preserved peace. Under the Company’s strict gaze, we balanced settler ambitions and native relations, striving for stability in this distant outpost.”
1662	15 January: “This day, we completed a new granary at Fort de Goede Hoop to store the Vryburgers’ growing harvests, ensuring our food security as the settlement expands. Our men labored to erect a sturdy timber structure within the fort’s walls, designed to hold wheat and barley from Rondebosch and Liesbeek fields. The granary, a response to last year’s bountiful crop, protects against spoilage and raids, a vital step as our population swells. The Vryburgers, though pleased, continue to press for higher grain prices, a grievance we note for the Company’s consideration.” 20 February: “A Cochoqua delegation, accompanied by Eva, arrived to barter 50 sheep and 15 cattle, strengthening our alliance. At the fort, we exchanged copper, tobacco, and beads, securing a plentiful supply of meat for the garrison and VOC ships. Eva relayed their leader Oedasoa’s renewed commitment to peace, urging us to restrain Vryburger cattle from their grazing lands. We hosted the Cochoqua with brandy and bread, fostering goodwill, but doubled patrols along the Liesbeek to prevent disputes, wary of past conflicts.” 6 April: “We marked the tenth anniversary of our arrival at the Cape with a ceremony at the fort, reflecting on a decade of toil and growth. The garrison and Vryburgers gathered to give thanks for our survival through wars, storms, and scarcity. I, Jan van Riebeeck, addressed the assembly, praising their resilience and the settlement’s progress, from a muddy fort to a thriving station. A feast followed, with fresh vegetables, meat, and wine, though tempered by news of my impending departure, stirring mixed sentiments among the men.” 10 May: “Preparations began for my departure, as Zacharias Wagenaer is named to succeed me as Commander. This day, I reviewed the fort’s records, gardens, and Vryburger farms, ensuring a smooth transition. Wagenaer arrived on the Mars, inspecting Fort de Goede Hoop and meeting the Vryburgers, who voiced concerns over trade restrictions. I advised him on Hottentot relations, particularly with the Cochoqua, and the importance of the jetty and granary, entrusting the colony’s future to his care.” 6 May: “This day, I departed the Cape on the Mars, leaving Fort de Goede Hoop after ten years as Commander, bound for Batavia. The farewell was solemn, with the garrison and Vryburgers assembled at the jetty, offering prayers and salutes. I handed over command to Wagenaer, leaving a settlement of over 200 souls, with gardens, vineyards, and a robust fort. The Hottentots, informed by Eva, sent a small delegation with sheep as a parting gift, a sign of hard-won peace. My heart is heavy, yet proud of our legacy.” Year-long: “Throughout the year, we solidified the Cape’s foundations, completing the granary, deepening Cochoqua trade, and preparing for my departure. The Vryburgers’ fields flourished, and the gardens sustained ships, but their price disputes and Hottentot tensions required constant vigilance. The tenth anniversary celebrated our endurance, while my exit marked a new chapter under Wagenaer. The settlement, now a vital VOC outpost, stands resilient, its future shaped by a decade of struggle and growth.”

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